We can use scales, rubrics, points, letter and numbers to show the level of something. The strongly correlated MMI-PGA relationship obtained in this study, if confirmed, will be particularly useful in real-time applications for damage prediction or engineering parameter determination when an earthquake occurs in or nearby to Myanmar. Often, several slightly different magnitudes are reported for an earthquake. Moment Magnitude Explained: What Happened to the Richter Scale? Besides the Sumatra-Andaman Subduction Zone in the western part, Myanmar also has own great strike-slip active faults called the Sagiang Fault Zone [2]. [14], as shown in Equation (1). Then drop, cover, and hold on, as objects may be thrown at you from the side. They are continuously trying to improve the ways to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. Circle skirt calculator makes sewing circle skirts a breeze. Underground pipelines completely out of service. Branches broken from trees. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 46, 317-320. Act, 2015, Public Law 113-235. Trifunac, M.D. See below Earthquake magnitude. Limestone facing stone falling off of the Geology Building killed two students trying to escape from the building. 12201 Sunrise Valley Drive Reston, VA 20192. map for the M6.0 Napa, California earthquake on Few, if any, structures standing. fz9TqUU*W#&8| ^17'tJ@1J-aNWjz0 `&n-SK3W Iw{8 /. Black stars are the locations of past earthquakes whereas the ground shaking intensities are illustrated in terms of gradual color of the MMI scale. Felt by everyone. Recorded by seismographs. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. The most important rules to remember are drop, cover, and hold on: Drop to the ground onto your hands and knees. z/76 E1(S=C50R6*C?dzy}5n`u%]|QJ. Some walls collapse. 5), Analyze and interpret data identifying ways Earth's surface is constantly changing through a variety of processes and forces such as plate tectonics, erosion, deposition, solar influences, climate, and human activity Large rock masses displaced. Stay inside until the shaking stops. Earthquake Spectra, 15, 537-555. WebA 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. We find out that a magnitude of 7.1 is 20 times bigger (on a seismogram, in terms of amplitudes) and ~89 times stronger (in terms of energy release) than a 5.8 magnitude. Geological and Mining Engineering and Sciences. ", 6. %ylLo.l,2OF$ZyM37M;I!G1/iDeQzVcW8 LrX5jQgAuFov0h{5Nf~B!V*F_`xsT` >,t2}2\PP'Xs5Z:o#W'NTYkGYx+@-{$o_G+XTP7~YF0es FD LBh6_-';mZL'}A%opo &tlUW49"p@ 'V~uR731k]WAErtJ0PeQU7U'M[.mU|mj^uGi}ad>`DRBT>}^Zj# If there were complete symmetry about the vertical through the earthquakes focus, isoseismals would be circles with the epicentre (the point at the surface of the Earth immediately above where the earthquake originated) as the centre. Numerous intensity scales have been developed over the last several hundred years. Lines of sight and level distorted. How Do We Measure an Earthquakes Intensity? - Commack With respect to seismic hazards, Myanmar is one of the earthquake-prone areas in Mainland Southeast Asia. The Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM, MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for measuring the intensity of shaking produced by an earthquake. NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), ), check out this current USGS earthquakes map. Kramer, S.L. Earthquake Calculator. Strength Comparison <> exist. The uncertainties in the variables used in the damage estimation should also be discussed. {0,W7au]n{~y _aXV,k2m!J}UMv}xG?o?zW2Qeu,3Q~1trX&EYNLf5{}2C]|*+]n|=rxStH\Y#e\nX|_H^5E]4[:+fWxPBJLnty@6v 'ygb ~6\[K.|%TZl!DRE)Dgu[6*>(O[y=Tr1 Refer to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale page on the US Geological In case of the Tounggyi earthquake, the MMI is in the range of V-IX within the area covering approximately 500 km from the earthquake location [7]. (Grade Modified Mercalli Scale In addition to the MMI reported in Myanmar, two isoseismal maps obtained from macroseismic intensity investigations in Thailand are added. Description of Source: The Significant Earthquake database originated from the Significant Earthquake Catalog Intensity depends, however, in a complicated way not only on ground accelerations but also on the periods and other features of seismic waves, the distance of the measuring point from the source, and the local geologic structure. However, for MMI values of equal to or larger than level VI, which mainly represent the destruction of infrastructures or buildings, the same PGA generates a higher MMI level than the other regions. the measurement of the maximum motion recorded by a seismograph. %PDF-1.5 We use a grading scale in school when we get an A, B or C. Some schools use a numeric grading system for the same level of work, where an A is equal to a 4, a B to a 3, and so on. and Yamazaki, F. (2001) A proposal of instrumental seismic intensity scale compatible with MMI evaluated from three-component acceleration records. That's why you can't directly convert the Richter or Magnitude scale to the Mercalli scale although the released energy, local geology, terrain, depth of an earthquake and distance from the epicenter are all still the same. Read the newspaper reports for each city and assign Mercalli intensity values to each of the reporting areas based on the classifications in Table 1 above. All 100,000+ K-12 STEM standards covered in TeachEngineering are collected, maintained and packaged by the Achievement Standards Network (ASN), Get the inside scoop on all things TeachEngineering such as new site features, curriculum updates, video releases, and more by signing up for our newsletter! Natural Science Vol.4No.8A(2012), Article ID:21664,7 pages DOI:10.4236/ns.2012.428082, Relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and peak ground acceleration in Myanmar, Earthquake and Tectonic Geology Research Unit (EATGRU), Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Pailoplee.S@gmail.com, Received 27 June 2012; revised 25 July 2012; accepted 11 August 2012, Keywords: Isoseismal Map; Modified Mercalli Intensity; Peak Ground Acceleration; Myanmar. Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. Considerable damage Accessibility | Privacy Notice Table 1. catalogs, post-event reconnaissance reports, journal articles, newspapers, internet There are many ways of protecting buildings from earthquakes, such as friction pendulums you can read about them in the article accompanying the damping ratio calculator. Layer the three pieces of white copy paper in one stack with one piece of construction paper on top for the cover. What does it measure? References, Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. This postcard shows the damage effect of different earthquakes ", 12. A Modified Mercalli Intensity of six is abbreviated as MMI 6. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/Annots[ 15 0 R 16 0 R] /MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> shaking. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Bender, F. (1983) Geology of Burma. Unstable objects overturned. the USGA can use the Mercalli Scale of Intensity to map out ground Global Significant Earthquake Database. Difficult to stand. This As the same time, on the 4th December 1930, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.3 was also recorded at Toungoo, central Myanmar, with ground shaking intensities in the range of VIIIX. Chapter 12 Some heavy furniture moved, some plaster falls. We sometimes assign points to a homework assignment to rate how well we did. Both of these were generated by the Sagiang Fault Zone with reported MMIs of up to IX and spread out far away from the source into Thailand (Figure 1). Pull over, stop, and engage the handbrake. A number of different intensity scales have been set up during the past century and applied to both current and ancient destructive earthquakes. and Fumal, T.E. The preliminary relationship between the MMI and PGA is reported to be a function of log10(PGA) = 0.2526MMI 3.1006. Total damage. =\YUgeFY#r\Qsa7`og:_:U7h|3o bR9c[O?qCvm(3yoQ^JJ[6t^C5b&jk$ox*o u&l[j}psjs.vBt/T@U_t/GONY|LP +:i.&TpN;0gM[URRY" And that's it! The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such Thanks also extend to T. Pailoplee for the preparation of the draft manuscript. A strong groundmotion database including 34 moderate to large earthquakes is used along with the corresponding modified Mercalli Earthquake Effects Simulator Figure 3. Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts. Make sure you understandEarthquake! X. This is a complete binder of activities for Grades K-6. To protect people from the force of earthquakes, they continually improve the methods used to predict and rate (or score) earthquakes. From a scientific standpoint, the magnitude scale is based on seismic records while the Mercalli is based on observable data which can be subjective. Damage nearly total. Alternative scales have been developed in both Japan and Europe for local conditions. However, in practice, a physically based ground-motion measure is needed particularly for engineering purposes. However, it is recognized that there is a significant level of uncertainty in estimating ground motions (i.e., PGA) from the existing isoseismal maps by this process. Simulated values of Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI) and Note that not all lessons and activities will exist under a unit, and instead may exist as "standalone" curriculum. Frame houses moved on foundations if not bolted down; loose panel walls thrown out. Secure .gov websites use HTTPS Let's start with a disclaimer, which for some may be obvious: the Richter scale is not widely used anymore, but it still happens to be mentioned erroneously in the news from time to time. Copyright ? Wald, D.J., Quintoriano, V., Heaton, T.H., Kanamori, H., Scrivner, C.W. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related IX. Pailoplee, S., Sugiyama, Y. and Charusiri, P. (2009) Deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in Thailand and adjacent areas using active fault data. Duration can be estimated. Waves seen on ground. endobj Learn how to calculate the duty cycle of a periodic system with Omni's duty cycle calculator: insert what you know, and we'll do the math! Are there any suggestions for improvement? Total damage. at least one of the following criteria: caused deaths, caused moderate damage (approximately It was originally introduced by the Italian seismologist Giuseppe Mercalli in 1902, and was With this earthquake calculator, you can estimate the energy release of an earthquake. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 65, 139-162. The number of earthquake recording stations is, therefore, low and as a result the earthquake impactions are usually observed in macroseismic intensity and reported manually in terms of isoseismal maps. An official website of the United States government. Depending on where you are, different recommendations exist: Stay there! Common Alerting Protocol Noticed by drivers of automobiles. developed in 1931. or greater, or the earthquake generated a tsunami. The above table shows the approximate relationship V. Felt outdoors; direction may be estimated. Teachers Association. '", 14. Gebrder Borntr- ger, Berlin. ]sgJ;oYQqmt|Wg4n^~9s Learn how the Richter scale measures magnitude and the Mercalli scale measures intensity of an earthquake. Return to: Potential to Kinetic | Dynamic From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. Kansas City, MO: "All of the dishes in Thelma's Cafe rattled noisily, but none crashed off the shelves. Bridges destroyed. Here is a photograph of Giuseppe Mercalli, the inventor of Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 4, 425-435. This is a semi-quantitative scale used to evaluate ground shaking Ground cracked noticeably. Earthquake Intensity - Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) Scale. Department of Mineral Resources, Bangkok. It's actually a much broader term. ", 19. Small bells ring (church, school). Use it as the earthquakes' magnitude calculator to compare two earthquakes' magnitudes. Isolated damage, Difficult to stand.
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